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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of this queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of the year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others may farther moult to become soldiers alates.
Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are entirely female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, both male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
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The entire life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.
The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed thembut employees also get involved in the social life of their colony and have certain different tasks to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower level of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than workers, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased degrees of damage seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.
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By way of example, alates in certain species appear during the day in summer while others emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with plenty of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the larger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is a few years old.53 At adulthood, a primary queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In see it here some species, the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might produce 40,000 eggs a day.72 Both mature ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees provide assistance. .
The king develops only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to mate with the queen for life (a termite queen can survive between 30Â to 50Â years); this is quite different from ant colonies, in that a queen mates once together with the man (s) and stores the gametes for lifetime, as the male ants die soon after mating.6267 If your queen is absent, a termite king generates pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.74 As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not happen.75.
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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the path to becoming alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only mature into primary reproductives upon the passing of try here a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated out of the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the capacity to replace a deceased principal reproductivesystem, and there can also be more than just a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the capacity to change from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.